diff --git a/init.lua b/init.lua
index 298495b..81ac52e 100644
--- a/init.lua
+++ b/init.lua
@@ -445,14 +445,86 @@ local ui = (function()
         "topsurface", "surface", "subsurface", "foundation",
     }
 
-    -- Item-array stubs for the dropdown system. Filled in T9.
-    local FILE_ITEMS   = {}
-    local EDIT_ITEMS   = {}
-    local VIEW_ITEMS   = {}
-    local MAP_ITEMS    = {}
-    local TOOLS_ITEMS  = {}
-    local WINDOW_ITEMS = {}
-    local HELP_ITEMS   = {}
+    -- Item-arrays for the dropdown system (T9).
+    -- mode_is must be declared before the arrays so the disabled-callbacks
+    -- capture it as a proper upvalue (Lua resolves upvalues at closure
+    -- creation time).
+    local function mode_is(m) return state.get_mode() == m end
+
+    local FILE_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "modal",  label = "New Map",  modal_id = "new_map",  disabled = true },
+        { type = "modal",  label = "Open Map", modal_id = "open_map", disabled = true },
+        { type = "action", label = "Save",   hotkey = "S",  fire = function() actions.save() end },
+        { type = "modal",  label = "Save As", modal_id = "save_as" },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "action", label = "Quit",   hotkey = "Esc", fire = function() engine.exit() end },
+    }
+
+    local EDIT_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "action", label = "Undo",  hotkey = "Ctrl+Z", disabled = true, fire = function() end },
+        { type = "action", label = "Redo",  hotkey = "Ctrl+Y", disabled = true, fire = function() end },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "action", label = "Cycle Rotation",  hotkey = "R",
+          disabled = function() return not mode_is("direct") end,
+          fire = function() actions.cycle_rotation() end },
+        { type = "action", label = "Toggle Flip",     hotkey = "H",
+          disabled = function() return not mode_is("direct") end,
+          fire = function() actions.toggle_flip() end },
+        { type = "action", label = "Reset Transform", hotkey = "0",
+          disabled = function() return not mode_is("direct") end,
+          fire = function() actions.reset_transform() end },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "action", label = "Erase Cell", hotkey = "E",
+          fire = function()
+              local c = state.get_mouse_cell()
+              if c then actions.erase_cell_at(c.x, c.y) end
+          end },
+    }
+
+    local VIEW_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "toggle", label = "World Overlay", hotkey = "G",
+          is_on = function() return state.is_world_overlay() end,
+          fire  = function() actions.toggle_world_overlay() end },
+        { type = "toggle", label = "Debug Overlay", hotkey = "D",
+          is_on = function() return state.is_debug_overlay() end,
+          fire  = function() actions.toggle_debug_overlay() end },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "toggle", label = "Roof Mode",
+          is_on = function() return state.is_roof_mode() end,
+          fire  = function() actions.toggle_roof_mode() end },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "submenu", label = "Layers", items = nil },   -- populated in T10
+    }
+
+    local MAP_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "modal",  label = "Map Properties", modal_id = "map_properties" },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "action", label = "Reload from Disk",
+          fire = function()
+              local id = maps.load(state.get_map_path())
+              maps.set_current(id)
+              state.mark_clean()
+          end },
+    }
+
+    local TOOLS_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "submenu", label = "Mode", items = nil },     -- populated in T10
+    }
+
+    local WINDOW_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "toggle", label = "Layers Panel",
+          is_on = function() return state.is_layers_panel_shown() end,
+          fire  = function() state.toggle_layers_panel() end },
+        { type = "toggle", label = "Palette",
+          is_on = function() return state.is_palette_shown() end,
+          fire  = function() state.toggle_palette() end },
+    }
+
+    local HELP_ITEMS = {
+        { type = "modal",  label = "Cheatsheet", hotkey = "I", modal_id = "cheatsheet" },
+        { type = "separator" },
+        { type = "modal",  label = "About",      modal_id = "about" },
+    }
 
     local MENU_CATEGORIES = {
         { name = "File",   items = FILE_ITEMS   },